In the smart city market, amsterdam, netherlands, lorawan network enables 18,000 smart meters to be served by a single gateway through SF12 (spread spectrum factor) configuration, which reduces base station density by 73% compared to the NB-IoT solution. Urban data in 2023 reports that since ADR (Adaptive Data Rate) technology came to be used in the smart street lamp system, energy consumption went down by 43%, and the maintenance cost of a gateway for one year was reduced from 5,200 euros to 890 euros. Experiments conducted by the Semtech lab show that in the coexist scenario of the 2.4GHz band and 5G NR, interference probability is compressed from 15% to 0.7% with dynamic spectrum sharing but in densely populated metal structures, the rate of signal attenuation increases from 0.8dB/m to 3.2dB/m.
Evolvement of the Internet of Things in agriculture has validated lorawan’s scalability. John Deere’s soil monitoring system in the US, applied to a 100,000-hectare farm, employed the TSCH (Time Slot Frequency hopping) mechanism to increase the node density to 3.2 nodes per hectare and improve the efficiency of irrigation by 39%. The device’s battery life can be 12 years in such harsh conditions between -30℃ and 70℃, and the maintenance cycle is doubled by four with energy harvesting technology. But as per the USDA report, in situations where the rate of rainfall is above 50mm/h, the 868MHz multipath effect of the signal will cause the widening of the positioning error’s standard deviation from ±3 meters to ±18 meters and needs satellite positioning information for compensation.
For the instance of Industry 4.0, the lorawan network of Siemens Amberg factory supports simultaneous connection of 6,000 vibration sensors and controls the probability of data packet collisions to less than 0.3% under the LoRaWAN 2.0 protocol. At a mechanical noise level of 98dB, the FHSS (Frequency hopping spread spectrum) technology was employed to maintain the bit error rate at 0.01%, increasing the predictive maintenance accuracy to 97%. Analysis by ABI Research reveals that this scheme conserves 62% of wireless spectrum resources compared to Zigbee 3.0. However, if it is a high metal pipe density environment, relay nodes will need to be put in every 150 meters, and this will introduce a 19% premium to network deployment.
The distinctive requirements of the medical Internet of Things compel technology innovation. The Mayo Clinic body temperature measurement system with lorawan has an accuracy of 0.1℃ in the ICU department and minimizes the latency of data to 0.8 seconds using AES-128 encryption. The bit error rate of the equipment in 85% humid environment is only 0.05%, and it saves 91% energy compared to the Wi-Fi solution. Fda-certified data shows that if 500 medical nodes are employed simultaneously at the same time, the Class B mode will increase the priority of urgent data transmission 3 levels, but interference from ISM devices in the 2.4GHz frequency band will lower the signal quality by 12dB.
Long-term testing of the energy sector confirms that the lorawan smart meter network provided by the French electricity grid meets a receiving sensitivity of -148dBm with 50dB electromagnetic interference through LR-FHSS technology. After the network had been upgraded to TS 1.0.4 standard, one gateway capacity was increased from 15,000 nodes to 200,000 nodes and the success rate of meter reading remained at 99.99%. EU CE certification testing reflects that the failure rate of equipment in a 15kV/m electromagnetic pulse environment has dropped from 3.2% to 0.07%, though the thickness of the shielding layer needs to be heightened by 0.8mm, which raises module cost by 11%.